The film American Beauty Essay Example For Students

The film American Beauty Essay The film American Beauty embraces many negative mentalities of the American culture it delineates. These mentalities investigate the idea of detainment, genuine magnificence and realism. Sam Mendes welcomes the watcher to look nearer into the film by pondering these perspectives through an assortment of strategies, which enamor the crowd making a perfect work of art film. A significant disposition depicted all through the film is investigated through detainment. Mendes investigates detainment in the feeling of a pessimistic undetectable tightening made by cultural qualities and desires, which blinds individuals from the significant qualities throughout everyday life. This is shown through Lestors detainment and his possible break from constrainment, in a privileges of entry venture. All through the film Lestor is subliminally caught behind prison cells which Mendes shows through setting, film strategies, and imagery. In the start of the film we can see the different prison cells Lestor is dependent upon. Right off the bat, in the shower scene we see Lestor caught behind glass dividers. This emblematic glass divider is again utilized by Mendes in the accompanying scene where Lestor is again caught behind the glass windows in the house, a limit which is brought about by the idea of his materialistic spouse Carolyn. In the following scene we again observe Lestor in another prison cell while he is dozing in the vehicle. He is uninformed he is in the vehicle or prison cell as he is resting, while we see, through a low point viewpoint shot, the outside world through the vehicle window. This is the world that Lestor has put some distance between. We again observe the executive purposely use Lestors PC screen as another prison cell, with numbers written in a segment position. This scene additionally underpins the cell image as a sticker on Lestors exhausted says Look Closer, which is an unexpected articulation which is coordinated to the watchers. We see the executive consistently utilizing this representative method of prison cells to inspect Lestors detainment from acknowledgment of genuine satisfaction, through the different cell settings. The disarray and disintegration of Beauty is another negative disposition of the delineated American culture. Through the video focal point of Ricky Fitts the executive investigates as a channel to portray the idea of True Beauty as opposed to the bogus and obscured vision of magnificence according to society. We see the chief, in the scene with Angela and Jane in Janes room, consider this logical inconsistency of magnificence. This scene is a microcosm of the film itself as Ricky zooms past Angela, who we think and furthermore society delineates as being wonderful and hot, into the impression of Janes face in the glass reflect, who is infidently encapsulating a rarer delightful and intrigue. This is again another prison cell emblematic in the mirror as Jane is caught in the impression of True magnificence, unexpectedly the watcher is additionally befuddled why Ricky is progressively keen on Jane. Here we see the chief utilize the film strategy of the camcorder focal point to see Jane and the sutle representative methods utilized. This impression of True Beauty is again investigated through Rickys camcorder in the location of recording a dead flying creature. When Ricky states he is shooting the dead feathered creature and Angela inquires as to Why? He reacts Because its excellent. Through the camcorder procedure we again observe the executive delineate True magnificence as something in its regular structure, not impacted by outer variables. The camcorder at that point zooms past Angela again concentrating on Jane. This film method is rehashed from right off the bat in the film as Ricky is again just inspired by Janes normal genuinely wonderful appearance and intriguing picture. .u0bea7080caa2ba8837215773a30bcf79 , .u0bea7080caa2ba8837215773a30bcf79 .postImageUrl , .u0bea7080caa2ba8837215773a30bcf79 .focused content region { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u0bea7080caa2ba8837215773a30bcf79 , .u0bea7080caa2ba8837215773a30bcf79:hover , .u0bea7080caa2ba8837215773a30bcf79:visited , .u0bea7080caa2ba8837215773a30bcf79:active { border:0!important; } .u0bea7080caa2ba8837215773a30bcf79 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u0bea7080caa2ba8837215773a30bcf79 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; mistiness: 1; progress: murkiness 250ms; webkit-progress: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u0bea7080caa2ba8837215773a30bcf79:active , .u0bea7080caa2ba8837215773a30bcf79:hover { darkness: 1; change: obscurity 250ms; webkit-change: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u0bea7080caa2ba8837215773a30bcf79 .focused content territory { width: 100%; position: rela tive; } .u0bea7080caa2ba8837215773a30bcf79 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-improvement: underline; } .u0bea7080caa2ba8837215773a30bcf79 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u0bea7080caa2ba8837215773a30bcf79 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; fringe sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: intense; line-tallness: 26px; moz-outskirt span: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-design: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0bea7080caa2ba8837215773a30bcf79:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u0bea7080caa2b a8837215773a30bcf79 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u0bea7080caa2ba8837215773a30bcf79-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u0bea7080caa2ba8837215773a30bcf79:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Movie Summary - The Wizard of Oz EssayWe again observe clashing mentality of True magnificence through the plastic pack video recording from Ricky. In this scene the steady panning of the video recording shows a breeze caring round developments around dead leaves, some of the time whipping it about viciously, or all of a sudden, sending it taking off skyward, skimming smoothly to the cold earth. This fine bit of shooting investigates a dazzling normal excellence as though the sack is hitting the dance floor with delight in the breeze, with the dead leaves nearly portraying troopers moving around the pack. This Beauty would be routinely ignored in a negative disposition among the portrayed society, as a basically plastic sack blowing in the breeze. Mendes utilizes film strategies, for example, the erratic panning on the plastic sack. Mendes again utilizes imagery as flower petals to roses to represent genuine excellence in scenes where it is available, however interestingly he likewise utilizes roses in scenes where genuine magnificence doesn't exist, and is longing to. For instance in Lestors visit dreams of Angela flower petals are consistently present. Lestor sees Angela as delightful through the impression of cultural perspectives. Anyway toward the finish of the film Lestors view of Angelas Beauty changes as she makes reference to she is a virgin. In this way, Angela incidentally has an honest regular Beauty which Lestor comes to comprehend. Then again, roses encompass Lestors house. This setting of roses, in this sense are emblematic as the house is a basic material article one of cultural desires, yet the house and its occupants have a fake marvel which longs True excellence. Mendes utilizes imagery and setting to investigate the disposition of magnificence in this specific circumstance. The cynical idea of realism in the delineated society of the film is additionally investigated by Mendes utilizing an assortment of strategies. Methods, for example, setting and imagery are utilized to depict and represent the fundamental themes. The film embraces a pessimistic disposition to realism as it blinds individuals from the more significant objectives and qualities throughout everyday life, rather looking for boundless material fulfillment in texture assets. The film impugns the false reverence of a general public fixated on external appearance of achievement, subsequently staying away from in the film we see certain scenes where material natures abrogate on a very basic level qualities throughout everyday life. Right off the bat, in the supper scene where Carolyn has the supper table perfectively set in balanced accuracy in the since a long time ago shot of the room. This material condition is unexpected as the genuine feelings are tense and forceful which is negated by Bobby Darren music out of sight. Thusly, the material set up and music is superfluous as the key estimations of a glad family supper are absent. This setting made by the Director is an exceptionally compelling method in showing the conflicting air made in the lounge area. The principle negative disposition depicted all through the film is basically the American Dream. The Burnham family has accomplished on its own the assets of a major house in suburbia, furniture, cash, delightful nurseries and vehicles, yet it is every one of the a fantasy. Through the excursions of the characters, we see that none are upbeat and the family detonates in domineering strains and dissatisfaction. In the excursion for clear fortune all close to home energy and objectives were relinquished to a point where living had been overlooked. Incidentally, the characters outsider to society are the ones who discover bliss and True magnificence. This is seen with Jane and Ricky as they see magnificence through the channel of the camcorder focal point and furthermore the gay neighbors who appear to be moderately glad and fruitful. This theme of the quest for joy is completely investigated and played upon by Mendes utilizing numerous images, for example, roses, prison cells, and water. All in all, the film condemns the negative perspectives of detainment, genuine excellence and realism. The executive uses an assortment of procedures, for example, imagery, setting, film methods and thought processes which successfully mirror the depicted perspectives in t

The Epic of Gilgamesh :: essays research papers

The Epic of Gilgamesh Inquiries for Analysis #1-6 1. What was the Mesopotamian perspective on the great beyond? 2. What is the message of Siduri’s exhortation to Gilgamesh? 3. Consider Utnapishtim’s starting reaction to Gilgamesh’s demand for the mystery of everlasting life. How does his message supplement what Siduri has said? 4. Think about the account of Utnapishtim. What do the different activities of the divine beings and goddesses permit us to surmise about how the Mesopotamians saw their gods? 5. As indicated by the epic, what are the particular jobs of the divine beings and people? What do the Mesopotamian gods expect of humankind? What do people expect of their divine beings? 6. What shrewdness has Gilgamesh picked up from his epic battles? How has he changed as consequence of his mission? 1.     The Mesopotamians saw existence in the wake of death as a position of murkiness where there was no arrival when entered. It was managed by the Queen of the Underworld, Ereshkigal, who was joined by her recorder, Belit-Sheri. From perusing the sonnet, it was thought of as a noble spot where the dead meandered and little else existed. The individuals who were lords and esteemed clerics were presently workers for the divine beings. It’s certainly depicted as a spot one wouldn’t anticipate, and that’s the difficulty that Gilgamesh thinks about. 2.     Siduri’s message to Gilgamesh is to appreciate the existence he was given and the existence he held. His days on Earth ought to be spent eating, being joyful, and deal with his youngster. Basically, the primary thought is that sooner or later the life of man reaches end and it’s in god’s hands. 3.     Utnapishtim supplements Siduri’s message by giving analogies with respect to the way that passing is sudden. Nothing is perpetual or sure with the exception of death. You could manufacture a house that’s accepted to stand always, yet is it truly obvious? Does an understanding hold forever? These are the models Utnapishtim gives. While demise is sure, the time it happens isn't known by man. 4.     About religion as a rule, at whatever point man resists god, his reality, or his activities, it’s viewed as a demonstration of disobedience and they are to confront discipline. With this in my psyche, we can gather that at a time where man was extending in Mesopotamia, the faith in the divine beings and goddesses was declining. In this way, the discipline from the enraged divine beings was to dispose of all. 5.     Mesopotamian gods expected mankind to love and applause them. Fundamentally, they were to be their hirelings.

Top 5 Tips for Relaxation and Stress Relief

Top 5 Tips for Relaxation and Stress Relief Stress Management Management Techniques Relaxation Print 5 Relaxation Tips for Stress Relief By Elizabeth Scott, MS twitter Elizabeth Scott, MS, is a wellness coach specializing in stress management and quality of life, and the author of 8 Keys to Stress Management. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Scott, MS Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Grant Hughes, MD on January 28, 2016 Grant Hughes, MD is board-certified in rheumatology and is the head of rheumatology at Seattles Harborview Medical Center. Learn about our Medical Review Board Grant Hughes, MD Updated on July 09, 2019 Leon Neal/Getty Images   More in Stress Management Management Techniques Relaxation Physical Techniques Time Management Effects on Health Situational Stress Job Stress Household Stress Relationship Stress We may associate relaxation with wasting time, but in fact, regular relaxation and stress management are important for physical and emotional health. This is because your body’s stress response can get triggered often throughout the day and, if your body doesn’t return to its regular state of relaxation afterward, you may find yourself in a state of chronic stress. Chronic stress is the type of stress that can really wreak havoc on your health  and contribute to a host of stress-related health problems including heart disease, high blood pressure, and many more, including the common cold. Learning relaxation techniques can help you restore your body to its natural state when you’re feeling stressed, and can potentially help you remain more resilient to stress that you face in the future â€" you can become less reactive to the stressors that you face and can recover more quickly from it if you do react. Relaxation can occur when you’re just sitting and watching t.v. in a lounge chair (which is what some people think of when they think of the word ‘relaxation’), but having a more structured plan for relaxation can be more helpful in the face of stress. It helps to have a plan because you can learn to use strategies that are most effective, not just familiar. You can also actively choose strategies that build resilience rather than merely distracting you from whats creating stress for you on a given day. Learning to relax your body and your mind can be more effective than simply relying on distraction or resilience. Here are some of the best relaxation strategies you can use to combat stress. Breathing Exercises These can be your first line of defense against stress. Breathing exercises are wonderful for relaxation because they can be used anytime and at any place, they work quickly and are easy to master. Meditation Many people try meditation and find that it’s a wonderful relaxation tool. Many others consider trying it, or try it a few times, and decide it’s not for them. If you’re in the second group, you may want to consider giving meditation another look â€" it’s excellent for relaxation as well as developing a more positive attitude and, if practiced long-term, greater resilience toward stress. You can read more about the benefits of meditation and different meditation techniques you can try. Music Playing music is a great way to relieve stress and promote relaxation for your family and friends as well as yourself. (Okay, maybe your co-workers won’t enjoy hearing your tunes as much as you do, so perhaps this one is best saved for home and in the car.) Because music brings real benefits in terms of wellness (music therapy is a growing field), it can be conveniently used effectively for relaxation as well. Exercise It may seem that exercise is the opposite of relaxation, but a good workout can actually make you feel more relaxed afterward for a few reasons. First, working out can be a good way to release stress and blow off steam. Second, the endorphins released during a good workout can aid relaxation quite nicely. Additionally, exercise can get you into a state of flow where it’s difficult to stay stressed â€" your body has to move toward relaxation as your stress response begins to reverse. Have Fun! Yes, these relaxation methods don’t all have to be clinical and practiced. Letting loose and having fun with your family and friends is an excellent way to relieve stress and experience relaxation. The problem is that people don’t always prioritize plain old fun as an important part of life â€" they don’t fit time for it in their busy schedules (at least not nearly as much as they should) because they don’t realize the value of fun for balance as well as physical and emotional health. Well, now is the time to start working more fun into your life. See these tips on having fun for starters. If you focus on stress management regularly, in a relatively short time  you can learn to more easily relax when you need to, and build resilience toward stress.

Mexico-United States Relations - 573 Words

Mexico-United States relations are of a comfortable nature, with each working in tandem for prevention of illegal trade, reduction of illegal immigration and economic prosperity through the North American Free Trade Agreement. It seems as though the two primary themes of these relations would be conflict and cooperation, conflict in the form of 19th and 20th century warfare such as the Mexican-American War, and cooperation trailblazing it’s way in the form of the NAFTA. Politically, the two countries share many common interests at the border and further inland. Economically, the two countries are each other’s first and third largest trading partners. In 2010, Mexico’s exports totaled $300 billion, almost three quarters of which were made by the United States. Environmentally, during hurricane Katrina in 2005 the Mexican Government sent over 250 tons of food, water and various other care package items for aid, and the Mexican Red Cross donated two million dollars for clean up after the storm had cleared and people rescued. Immigration wise, there are over one million U.S. citizens living in Mexico and Mexico is the number one source of immigrants to the United States. Illegal immigration, in addition to illegal trade in drugs and firearms, have been causes of strife but have also provided cooperation in the tampering of such issues. As of 2009, 62% of undocumented immigrants in the United States originate from Mexico. Commonly, individuals referred to as â€Å"coyotes† smuggleShow MoreRelatedRelations Between The United States And Mexico1218 Words   |  5 Pagesfree - trade agreements gradually canceled and the objection of immigrants from Mexico. These problems have led the United States are in an alarming condition. 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In a close up we see a shot of Memo, who has been connected to a machine while his arms and his back are covered in sockets and cables. Ensnared in this web of glowing blue sockets and aging cyber-tech, the young man goes about his work,Read More Cuban Relations Essay4043 Words   |  17 PagesCuban Relations In the year 1959 a politician named Fidel Castro led a revolution against the Cuban government under Fulgencio Batista. Castro used his influence to persuade the Cuban people to fight for him in the revolution against Batista’s government. With the people on his side, Castro successfully overthrew the Cuban government and was eventually elected President. These people believed in Castro, and that he would make Cuba a better place to live and work in. Once Fidel Castro hadRead MoreAmericans and Cubans Approaches to the Platt Amendment1518 Words   |  7 Pagessort of control and a permanent existence after withdrawing their military from Cuba. The Cubans feel that this amendment has made it possible for the U.S. to cause trouble or intervene anytime they want. The majority of the problems in U.S. relations with Cuba begin in 1953. The U.S. backed Fulgenico Batista, who was in charge of Cuba, but not favored by the Cuban people. On July 26, 1953, Fidel Castro led a revolt against Batista and failed. Castro and his brother were captured and placed inRead More The US Embargo on Cuba Essay3551 Words   |  15 PagesThe US Embargo on Cuba I. Introduction In 1959, Cubareceived 74 percent of its imports from the US, and the US received 65 percentof Cuba’s exports. On February 3, 1962, the United States imposed a fulltrade embargo on Cuba, completely ending any type of trade between the twocountries. This embargo remains in effect today, more than four decades later,and has grown ! to be a huge center of debate and controversy (DeVarona 8).Opponents to the embargo argue that the embargo does nothing moreRead More The Cuban Embargo: An Economic Sanction that Never Achieved its Goals. Close, But No Cigar.4307 Words   |  18 PagesBatista took power of Cuba in a bloodless coup. His rule left the island in discontent and led to many movements to return the country to its constitutional rule of 1940. On January 1st, 1959 Batista and his family fled Cuba. On January 7th, the United States officially recognized a government that Fidel Castro had taken control of with promises of a return to a constitutional government and democrat ic elections. Soon, Fidel began nationalizing all private businesses and land. When US refineriesRead MoreAnalysis Of The Bay Of Pigs Invasion2708 Words   |  11 Pagesis the capacity for rational thought, or to think logically (http://www.essentiallifeskills.net/). The Butterfly effect is the sensitive dependence on initial conditions in which a small change in one state of a deterministic nonlinear system can result in large differences in a later state (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterfly_effect). This paper will attempt to analysis the Bay of Pigs invasion that occurred 17 April 1961, to use the Butterfly effect and to introduce Intelligence PlatformsRead MoreThe United States Senator For California1795 Words   |  8 PagesBarbara Boxer stated, â€Å"even if I have to stand alone, I will not be afraid to stand alone. I’m going to fight for you. I’m going to fight for what’s right.† She is a member of the Democratic Party. Barbara Boxer, the United States Senator for California, is a very strident, harsh person. However, her aggressive nature and strong voice as a Senate are qualities necessary to fight for her view on environmental issues, feminisms, immigration policy, and the U.S. involvement in Iran. Barbara Levy was

Definition of the Hastert Rule

The Hastert Rule is an informal policy in House Republican leadership designed to limit the debate on bills that dont have support from a majority of its conference. When Republicans hold a majority in the 435-member House, they use the Hastert Rule to forbid any legislation that doesnt have support from a majority of the majority from coming up for a vote. What does that mean? It means if Republicans control the House and piece of legislation must have the support of most members of the GOP to see a vote on the floor. The Hastert Rule is much less rigid that the 80-percent rule held by the ultraconservative House Freedom Caucus. The Hastert Rule is named for former  Speaker of the House Dennis Hastert, a Republican from Illinois who served as the chambers longest-serving  speaker, from 1998 until his resignation in 2007. Hastert believed the role of a speaker was, in his words, not to expedite legislation that runs counter to the wishes of the majority of his majority. Previous Republican speakers of the House followed the same guiding principle, including former U.S. Rep. Newt Gingrich. Criticism of the Hastert Rule Critics of the Hastert Rule say its too rigid and limits debate on important national issues while issues favored by Republicans get attention. In other words, it puts the interests of a political party over the interests of people. Critics also blame the Hastert Rule for spiking House action on any legislation passed in a bipartisan fashion in the U.S. Senate. The Hastert Rule was blamed, for example,  for holding up House votes on the farm bill and immigration reform in 2013. Hastert himself attempted to distance himself from the rule during the government shutdown of 2013, when Republican House Speaker John Boehner refused to allow a vote on a measure funding federal government operations under the belief that a conservative bloc of the GOP conference was opposed to it. Hastert told The Daily Beast that the so-called Hastert Rule wasnt really set in stone. â€Å"Generally speaking, I needed to have a majority of my majority, at least half of my conference. This wasn’t a rule  Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ The Hastert Rule is kind of a misnomer.† He added of Republicans under his leadership:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"If we had to work with Democrats, we did.† And in 2019, amid the longest government shutdown in history, a congressman referred to the policy as the stupidest rule ever created - named after somebody who is in prison that has allowed a minority of tyrants in the Congress. (Hastert served 13 months in prison after pleading guilty to violating federal banking laws. He admitted breaking the law to pay hush money to a teenage boy he had sexually molested in the 1960s and 1970s when he was a wrestling coach.) Nonetheless, Hastert is on the record saying the following during his tenure as speaker: On occasion, a particular issue might excite a majority made up mostly of the minority. Campaign finance is a particularly good example of this phenomenon. The job of speaker is not to expedite legislation that runs counter to the wishes of the majority of his majority. Norman Ornstein of the American Enterprise Institute has called the Hastert Rule detrimental in that it puts party ahead of the House as a whole, and therefore the will of the people. As House speakers, he said in 2004,  You are the party leader, but you are ratified by the whole House. You are a constitutional officer. Support for the Hastert Rule Conservative advocacy groups including the Conservative Action Project have argued that the Hastert Rule should be made written policy by the House Republican Conference so the party can remain in good standing with the people who elected them to office. Not only will this rule prevent bad policy being passed against the wishes of the Republican majority, it will strengthen the hand of our leadership in negotiations – knowing that legislation cannot pass the House without significant Republican support, wrote  former Attorney General Edwin Meese and a group of like-minded, prominent conservatives. Such concerns, however, are merely partisan and the Hastert Rule remains an unwritten principle guiding Republican House speakers. Adherence to the Hastert Rule A New York Times analysis of adherence to the Hastert Rule found all Republican House speakers had violated it at one point or another. Boehner had allowed House bills to come up for a vote even though they didnt have support from a majority of the majority. Also in violation of the Hastert Rule at least a dozen times over his career as speaker: Dennis Hastert himself.

To Prepare a Report Free Essays

Restaurant Management System Database Project Report Submitted by: UROOSA RASHID Department of Computer Science and Information Technology Jinnah University for Women 5-C Nazimabad, Karachi 74600 1. Introduction 1. 1 Project Overview This paper outlines a project proposal from the Pakistan Food Restaurant to create a sustainable income stream. We will write a custom essay sample on To Prepare a Report or any similar topic only for you Order Now This project will help Pakistan Food Restaurant to earn part of the money to support and ensure its future. It is being undertaken by us because it covers various aspects of restaurant management system and makes it easy to access the information about the restaurant management system. . 2 Aims and Objectives:The Restaurant Management System project will meet the following objectives: 0 It records the information of customers. 1 It records the information and quantity of orders made by customers along with date. 2 It records the price of food. 3 It will keep records of employees of the restaurant 4 It will also keep record of raw materials, supplies and vendors. 1. 3 Project Scope:This project will keep record of all food items of the restaurant. It also records the information of customers along with all the orders made by them. The orders are recorded according to the date. Computerized receipt is given to the customer with the details of the order and bill. Whenever a customer comes first time then he/she must register him/her self at the counter. Next time the customer comes he/she will not need to register at the counter; there will be already an existing record of that customer. 1. 4 List of Tables and Description :Project consists of following tables: * Customers * Orders * Orderline * Items * Raw material * Supplies * Vendors * Bills * Employees * Chef * Accountant * WaiterDescription of tables: * Customers table consists of ustomer ID, name, Address, Last visit date of customer. It keeps the records of customers. * Orders table keep records of number of orders placed by customers along with OrderID, Order name, Order date, Order time. * Orderline table consists of quantity of orders. * Items table consists of list of food items along with their type, cost, ID. * Raw materials table consists of list of raw materials used to make food items along w ith Material ID, type, Expiry date and Stock date. * Supplies table consists of Quantity, Supply date, Supply time and cost of raw materials provided by vendors/suppliers. Vendors Table consists of VendorID, name, contact number, status of the vendors of the restaurant. * Bills table consists of Receipt no. , cash received, items purchased and total amount of the customers. * Employees table consist of the complete information of the employees of the restaurant. It consists of employee ID, name, address, postal code, contact number, salary, hire date of the employees. * Chef table consists of the speciality of the chefs of the restaurant. * Accountants table consists of the qualification of the accountants of the restaurant. * Waiter table consists of the job description of the waiters. 1. 5 Project Features: Main features of the project are: * Complete Inventory from sale of food items and drinks. * Details of purchases are also maintained. * Reports for all items in stock as well as items to be ordered. * Complete information of employees along with their contact number and ID. * Details of previous orders by a customer. * Computerized receipt generation process. 2. System Design 2. 1 Data Flow Diagram Context Diagram Amount paid Bills Customer Order sent back Placed order Receipt passed 0 Ordering system Received order Items Available Placing order 1. 0 Choosing from items menu Level 0 Items Customer Order report Availability of orders 2. 0 Processing order Bills details to customers Payment by customer Payment process 3. 0 Payment for the order Payment receipt and order Bills 3. ER-Diagram: 4. Snapshots: 5. SQL Portion: create database Restaurant use Restaurant 5. 1 Query for Table ‘customers’ : create table customers(name nchar(20) not null,customer_id int not null primary key,last_visit_date int not null,address varchar(10) null) insert into customers(customer_id,name,address,last_visit_date) values(1,’Ahmed Ali’,’6th Floor,Ambadeep Building,No. 4, K. G. Marg, New Delhi -110001†²,’4/29/2009†²) 5. 2 Query for Table ‘employees’ : create table employees(employee_id int not null primary key,name nchar(20) not null,hire_date datetime not null,postal_code int not null,employee_address nvarchar(30) null,contact_no int null,salary money not null,designation char(20) not null ) insert into employees(employee_id,name, salary,employee_address, hire_date,postal_code, contact_no) values(1,’Abdul Baseer’,’5,000. 00†²,’AJC Bose Road, Business Tower, 7th Floor,Block A;B,Kolkata-700017†²,’8/5/2008†²,’75200†²,’021-35835956†²) . 3 Query for Table ‘orders’ : create table orders(order_id int not null primary key,number_of_orders int not null,order_date datetime not null,order_time datetime not null,total_cost money not null,customer_id int not null,employee_id int not null,constraint cust_id foreign key(customer_id) references customers(customer_id), constraint emp_id foreign key(employee_id) references employees(employee_id)) insert into orders(order_id,number_of_orders,order_date,order_time,total_cost) values(1,’1†²,’7/20/2010†²,’6:05:00 PM’,’250†²) 5. 4 Query for Table ‘items’ : reate table items(item_id int not nul l primary key,item_type nchar(10) not null,item_name nchar(20) not null,cost money not null) insert into items(item_id,item_name,item_type,cost) values(1,’Chicken ; Corn soup’,’Soup’,’$110. 00†²) 5. 5 Query for Table ‘bills’ : create table bills(receipt_no int not null,items_purchased int not null,total_amount money not null,cash_received money not null,cash_returned money not null) insert intobills(receipt_no,items_purchased,total_amount, cash_received, cash_returned) values(1,’4†²,’$100. 0†²,’$100. 00†²,’$0. 00†²) 5. 6 Query for Table ‘vendors’ : create table vendors(vendor_id int not null primary key,name nchar(10) not null,vendor_status nchar(20) not null 5. 7 Query for Table ‘raw_material’ : create table raw_material(material_id int not null primary key,material_name char(25) not null,material_type char(20) not null,quantity int not null,cost money not null,expirydate datetime not null,stock_date datetime not null,item_id int not null, constraint it_id foreign key(item_id) references items(item_id)) nsert into raw_material(material_id,material_name,expiry_date,material_type, stock_date) values(1,’Ground beef’,’5/16/2013†²,’MEAT’,’7/31/2012†²) 5. 8 Query for Table ‘supplies’ : create table supplies(supply_date datetime not null,supply_time datetime not null,quantity nchar not null,cost money not null,material_id int not null,vendor_id int not null,constraint mt_id foreign key(material_id) references raw_material(material_id),constraint v_id foreign key(vendor_id) references vendors(vendor_id)) insert into supplies(supply_date,supply_time,quantity,cost) alues(‘4/1/2012†²,’11:00:00 AM’,’40’,’$10,000. 00†²) 5. 9 Query for Table ‘order_line’ : create table order_line(quantity int not null,order_id int not nul l,item_id int not null,constraint od_id foreign key(order_id) references orders(order_id),constraint itm_id foreign key(item_id) references items(item_id)) 6. Ms Access Portion: Queries : 6. 1 Receipt query: SELECT Bills. [Receipt number], Bills. [Items purchased], Bills. [Total Amount], Bills. [Cash Received], Bills. [Cash Returned], Bills. [Customer ID], Bills. [A_employee no] FROM Bills WHERE (((Bills. [Customer ID])=[â€Å"Enter Customer ID†])); 6. 2 Employees query: SELECT employees. [Employee ID], employees. Name, employees. Salary, employees. Address, employees. [Hire date], employees. [Postal code], employees. [contact number] FROM employees WHERE (((employees. Salary) Between [â€Å"starting salary†] And [â€Å"Ending Salary†])); 6. 3 Orders of customers query: SELECT customers. [Customer ID] AS [customers_Customer ID], customers. Name, customers. address, customers. [Last visit date], orders. [Order ID], orders. [number of orders], orders. order date], orders. [order time], orders. [Customer ID] AS [orders_Customer ID], orders. [Employee ID] FROM customers INNER JOIN orders ON customers. [Customer ID] = orders. [Customer ID] WHERE (((customers. Name)=[â€Å"Enter name:†])); 6. 4 Items query: SELECT Items. [Item ID], Items. Name, Items. Type, Items. Cost FROM Items WHERE (((Items. Type)=[â€Å"Enter type of item†])); 6. 5 Ord ers query: SELECT orders. [Order ID], orders. [number of orders], orders. [order date], orders. [order time], orders. [Customer ID], orders. [Employee ID] FROM orders WHERE (((orders. order date]) Between [â€Å"Starting date†] And [â€Å"Ending date†])); 6. 6 Invoice query: SELECT Supplies. Cost, Supplies. [Quantity(kg)], Supplies. [Supply date], Supplies. [Supply time], Supplies. [Vendor ID], Supplies. [Material ID], [Quantity(kg)]*[Cost] AS total FROM Supplies; 7. Data Dictionary: 7. 1 Table Employees: Attributes| Data types| Primary key| Foreign key| Status| Size| employee_id| int| * | | Not null| | name| nchar| | | Not null| 20| salary| money| | | Not null| | employee_address| nvarchar| | | Null| 30| hire date| datetime| | | Not null| | ostal_code| int| | | Not null| | contact_no| int| | | Null| | designation| nchar| | | Not null| 20| 7. 2 Table customers: Attributes| Data types| Primary key| Foreign key| Status| Size| customer_id| int| * | | Not null| | name| nch ar| | | Not null| 20| last_visit_date| int| | | Not null| | Address| varchar| | | Null| 10| 7. 3 Table orders: Attributes| Data types| Primary key| Foreign key| Status| Size| order_id| int| * | | Not null| | number_of_orders| int| | | Not null| | order_date| datetime| | | Not null| | order_time| datetime| | | Not null| | otal_cost| money| | | Not null| | customer_id| int| | * | Not null| | employee_id| int| | * | Not null| | 7. 4 Table bills: Attributes| Data types| Primary key| Foreign key| Status| Size| receipt_no| int| * | | Not null| | items_purchased| int| | | Not null| | total_amount| money| | | Not null| | cash_received| money| | | Not null| | cash_returned| money| | | Not null| | Customer_ID| int| | * | Not null| | A_employee no| int| | * | Not null| | 7. 5 Table Items: Attributes| Data types| Primary key| Foreign key| Status| Size| item_id| int| * | | Not null| | tem_type| nchar| | | Not null| 10| item_name| nchar| | | Not null| 20| cost| money| | | Not null| | 7. 6 Table r aw materials: Attributes| Data types| Primary key| Foreign key| Status| Size| material_id| Int| * | | Not null| | material_name| char| | | Not null| 25| material_type| char| | | Not null| 20| expirydate| datetime| | | Not null| | stock_date| datetime| | | Not null| | item_id| int| | * | Not null| | 7. 7 Table vendors: Attributes| Data types| Primary key| Foreign key| Status| Size| vendor_id| int| * | | Not null| | name| nchar| | | Not null| 10| endor_status| nchar| | | Not null| 20| contact_no| int| | | null| | 7. 8 Table supplies: Attributes| Data types| Primary key| Foreign key| Status| Size| supply_date| datetime| | | Not null| | supply_time| datetime| | | Not null| | quantity| nchar| | | Not null| 10| cost| money| | | Not null| | material_id| int| | * | Not null| | vendor_id| int| | * | Not null| | 7. 9 Table orderline: Attributes| Data types| Primary key| Foreign key| Status| Size| quantity| int| | | Not null| | order_id| int| | * | Not null| | item_id| int| | * | Not null| | How to cite To Prepare a Report, Essay examples

Consequences of Cancelling Bilateral-Free-Samples-Myassignment

Question: We have seen how the current president of the United States of North America is cancelling bilateral and multilateral trade agreements in favour of a protectionist trade policy. Explain what the Consequences of such a policy may have in the mid and long term. Answer: Introduction According to Picciotto (2016), trade agreement comprises a broad range including tax, tariff and trade treaty and investment guarantees. Bilateral agreements are agreed between two countries and multilateral countries are contracted between more than two countries. Presently, the president of North America has proposed to cancel trade agreements in order to protectionist trade policy. The below report present discussion and analysis on same topic. Further, a detail assessment of mid-term and long-term consequences of the decision has been presented in detail. Lastly, the overall impact of the decision has been concluded that necessity of renegotiating the terms of trade is required in order to sustain the economic growth of United States of North America (Aggarwal, 2013). Main Body United States of North America As per Cooper (2014), the US economy is a mixed economy which is highly developed as compared to other countries. It is considered to be the largest economy of the world in terms of its nominal GDP, and it is the second largest with regard to its purchasing power parity (PPP). In 2016, the U.S. GDP was anticipated to be $18.46 trillion (Villareal, 2017). The country has the seventh-highest per capita GDP (nominal) in the world, and it is ranked as a country with the eleventh-highest per capita GDP (PPP). The most used currency in international transactions is the U.S. dollar. It is the world's leading reserve currency which is backed by science and technology. The US government has a high probability to reimburse its debts. The economy has played a central role in various international institutions since World War II. Many countries of the world use US dollar as their official currency, and in many other countries, the currency serves as de facto currency. The largest trading partner s of the country are Mexico, China, Japan, Canada, Germany, United Kingdom, South Korea, India, France and Taiwan. The economy is boosted by the availability of plentiful natural resources, a well-developed infrastructure, and high productivity. The country has second highest net estimated value of natural resources which were valued at $45 trillion in 2016 (Komar, 2016). The Americans have the highest household and employee income among other nations. Free Trade Agreement (North- American) According to the words of Moser (2014), free Trade agreement is usually contracted to liberalize the terms and policies of trade and to boost the economic growth of the countries indulged in the agreement. NAFTA which stands for North American Free Trade Agreement is a 3rd country accord agreed by the Canadian, Mexican and US government that come into existence in January 1994. Terms and conditions of NAFTA were regularly adopted by January 2008, the same offered for the abolition of product traffic operated around these 3 countries (Rugman, 2017). Trade liberalization regarding textiles, manufacturing of automobiles, agriculture was the main consideration. The agreement also required to safeguard property and set-up dispute resolution system and via side deals, adopt labour and environmental protection. NAFTA primarily restructured relations of the North American economy, driving an exceptional incorporation among developed economy of US and Canada, Mexico (developing country). As per the words of Lester (2016), NAFTA took pleasure from the bipartisan backing, been negotiated by the George H.W. Bush (President) and further approved it through Congress and adopted by the President Bill Clinton of democracy. It promoted approximately thrice the local trade and investments across the board among the 3 countries also developed considerably. However, NAFTA remained at a constant target in the wider debate on the free trading. Donald J. Trump (President) stated that the agreement had passed job, production and manufacturing in the United States to Mexico. During August 2017 his managementre-opened Canadian and Mexican negotiations with the purpose of restructuring it (Caliendo, 2015). Debate over the cancellation of bilateral and multilateral trade agreements According to the views of Lim (2015), the NAFTA negotiations started in 1991, the objective of these specified countries was the incorporation of Mexico with highly employed and developed US and Canada economy. They believe that the free trading would pass more strong and steady growth in the economy to Mexico, offering opportunities and work for increasing human resource. For US and Canada, Mexico was considered to be a promising new market for abroad selling, and reduced investment in cost location that ensure the U.S. and Canadian competitiveness of companies. Although in 1998 the US finished an agreement of trade with Canada, the integration of Mexico was extraordinary. Challengers of NAFTA take hold of wage-difference with Mexico, having a per-capita income of 30% as compared to US (Nevitte, 2017). Candidate of united state presidential (Ross Perot) put an argument in 1992 that liberalization of trade might result in a giant sucking sound of the jobs of United States escaping al l around the border. Followers such as Bush and Clinton opposed that the deal will do several jobs in a year, at the same time President of Mexico (Salinas de Gortiari) took it as an opportunity in order to modify the economy of Mexico. NAFTA conducted a present age of local and bilateral FTA which means free trade agreements that thrived as the WTO (World Trade Organization) worldwide trade negotiationshave declined. The US presently has free trade agreements which 20 countries, which is further approaching for key regional agreement with Europe and Asia (Koch, 2017). NAFTA also established integration of the provision of environment and labour in the agreements of trade in the United States, and the provisions are becoming comprehensive after FTA. As per the views of Reyes (2014), most of the Economists end up to an agreement that NAFTA has offered several advantages to the economy of North America. Investment of cross-border also flowed with the FDI stock of United States in Mexico rising since the era from $15 billion to reach at $100 billion (Mansfield, 2016). Experts also stated that it is evident that there is complexity to mock the effects of agreement of other factors, inclusive of change in technology, expansion in trade with countries like China and irrelevant development in domestic trade. The debate continued in relation to the legacy of NAFTA on the wages and jobs, with some workforce and company suffering from painful disorders. Consequences of decision on bilateral agreement in mid as well as long-term According to the opinion of Bureau (2016), trade agreements are often regional and usually evolve a small no. of countries. One of the major bilateral agreements which have been negotiated in Western Hemisphere over past twelve year is Canada and United States Agreement (CUSTA). Even other significant bilateral agreements exist which comprise agreement with Mexico. A variety of trade barriers and tariffs were removed between the member countries; however the same had no effect on trade policies with non-participants. It has been assessed by market researchers that Trump is preparing for renegotiation and reevaluation of trade policy in order to upend economic relationship which United State has held for years (Kohl, 2017). Mid-term Impact of cancellation of bilateral agreements: In accordance with Bove (2014), the main consequences for a midterm in case of the bilateral agreement due to the cancellation of policy will be the trade barriers and tariffs which were removed or mitigated while forming these agreements will be no more available. Economic integration and trade liberalization are asked to have a profound effect on major aspects of social life. The cancellation of NAFTA is criticized as worst trade deal ever signed by the US. The main reason behind this agreement is high U.S. trade deficit and loss of jobs to the country. As the economic relations between the member states will be affected significantly by the cancellation of free trade policy. Now Canada will have more strong relation with Mexico, and they will strongly defend to access US market. This contract will make harder to attain and prolong the negotiations. Moreover, an increase in uncertainty relating to the final rules and investment in NAFTA could be limited as the organizations wait to assess the reaction of change in policies. The same will have the negative effect on economic growth as now bilateral agreements will no more exist and increase in trade barriers will exist which will affect US exports. Due to the cancellation of bilateral agreements imposition of taxes would result in increase in prices of many goods and inflation too (Deardorff, 2014). It is not an easy job to assess the impact of new trade barriers due to the cancellation of bilateral trade agreements on restoring jobs in U.S. It is expected by a market analyst that it might be possible that U.S. companies continue to outsource production to other countries at lower labour cost in order to retain international competitiveness. However, in long-term deterioration in trade and investment relationship with U.S. will have a negative effect on the economy. After the cancellation of the bilateral agreement, it is expected that tariff and other trade measures to restrict trade within NAFTA countries could negatively affect US organization in these sectors. Even the foreign subsidiaries of US automakers have approximately an investment of $15 billion plants, property and equipment in Mexico and Canada (Villareal, 2014). Efficient efforts have been made by Trump to transfer the production back to US firms as they have higher labour cost (Elena, 2017). In case the same is n ot succeeded that it could seriously damage their competitiveness in comparison to foreign producers. Long-term Impact of cancellation of bilateral agreements: The main advantage which was attained due to bilateral NAFTA agreements and which will be no more available due to the cancellation of these agreements have been specified below. In other words, it can be said that no surety exists for the existence of this advantages as it depends on the terms of renegotiated trade agreements. Lowered Prices: As lower tariffs usually result in a decrease in import price of products and services. The same leads to decrease the risk of inflation and also allows Federal Reserve to keep interest rate low. However, if the situation remains same for long-term then it might lead to increase in the rate of products as no advantage relating to lower tariff will exist after the cancellation of bilateral agreements. Due to increase in prices, the same will have a significant impact on the quantum of international trade; as it will eventually decrease in the long term and affect the economy of the country. Impact on economic growth: NAFTA has increased U.S. economic growth approximately 0.5 percent a year. The main sectors which have been benefited through same are agriculture automobiles and service industry. Total farm exports have been assessed $39.4 billion in the year 2015 (Mansfield, 2017). However, the significant impact on economic growth has been expected by the economist due to the cancellation of bilateral agreements. The reason behind the same is that the cancellation will have a significant impact on trade and investment within countries in which agreement has been done, and a direct relationship exists between economic growth rate and international trade. Consequences of decision on multilateral agreement in mid as well as long-term Decline in welfare of the country Economists considered NAFTA to be beneficial for the United States. A survey conducted by leading economists in 2012, reported that 95% supported the benefits. In 2015, a study found that the welfare of the country increased by 0.08% as a result of tariff reductions under NAFTA, and the intra-bloc trade of US increased by 41% (Sundaram, 2016). However, the cancellation of such a beneficial policy will definitely affect these figures significantly. Jobs lost- NAFTA helped the U.S. to compete against China and saved U.S. jobs. Now the country will certainly face difficulties to compete for the development of China by losing the majority of the jobs to it. While some jobs were lost to Mexico within NAFTA, the country will lose more jobs with revocation. Impact on trade environment The framework of free trade policy was formulated to create a focused and organized body of evidence regarding the first hypotheses about NAFTA and its impact on the environment. Thus, with the cancellation of such a policy may raise a concern regarding a race between three countries with respect to environmental regulation. This would increase the pressure on the government for increasing their mechanisms for measuring the result of a trade on the policies of environmental protection. Impact on Intellectual property The cancellation of NAFTA would reverse all the changes made on acquiring the intellectual property through free trade between countries. The implementation of North American Free trade policy made considerable changes by restoring copyright to theUS copyright law which foreshadowed theUruguay Round Agreements Actof 1994. Agriculture From the initial negotiation, agriculture was the most controversial topic within the framework of NAFTA. Agriculture still remains the most discussed topic for determining the impacts of NAFTA cancellation. There were no bilateral agreements signed in the field of agriculture. The agreements executed between Canada and U.S. contained important restrictions and tariff quotas on agricultural products. Thus, the free trade was restricted up to a large extent; and the cancellation of the same did not remove any of the tariff quotas. The agricultural sector still remains unaffected by the cancellation. Long-term Negative Impact on US Economy The overall effect of revocation of NAFTA on the economy of U.S. appears to have a relatively modest impact since the trade with Canada and Mexico accounted for a very small percentage of the GDP of the country. However, the agreement led to the reduced cost of worker and adjustment costs. This may create a negative impact on the overall economy. NAFTA added $80 billion to the US economy after its implementation (Anderson, 2016). The U.S. Chamber of Commerce concludes NAFTA for increasing the trade of goods and services in the country. Trade Imbalance- The U.S. had a trade surplus in 2009 with NAFTA of $28.3 billion for service sector and a trade deficit of $94.6 billion in the goods sector in 2010 (Gantz, 2016). According to the American Journal of Agricultural Economics, NAFTA increased agricultural exports of U.S to Mexico and Canada. All these exports will fall as a result, which may lead to trade imbalance of the country. Impact on trade relations with other countries With NAFTA, the positive benefits not only accrued to the US; instead, many other countries also grew with entering free trade agreements. The cancellation of such a policy may also result in negative impacts on those countries as well. This, in turn, may impact the foreign trade relation of US. Canada- with NAFTA, Canada received a positive economic benefit in terms of GDP. Many industries were expected to suffer due to decline in trade; however, entering the free trade agreements lead to the growth of many such industries. Canadian employment rate increased despite downward trend. Thus, one of biggest economic effects of cancellation on U.S. Canada trade was the fall in the agriculture sector in both the countries. In the year 2008, Canadian exports to US and Mexico were $381.3 billion (Caliendo, 2015). The imports in the same year were at $245.1 billion. These figures are expected to fall sharply in both countries. Mexico- Many American jobs were lost to Mexico, since many agricultural plants were moved from US to Mexico. Mexico will suffer a loss in income in the sector of maquiladora sector; which has increased by 15.5% with the implementation of NAFTA (Limo, 2016). Other sectors which benefitted from the free trade agreement in context of share of exports from non-border states will decrease. This will hinder the speedy growth of metropolitan non-border areas. The overall effect of the revocation of MexicoU.S. agricultural agreement is a matter of argument. This is because Mexico did not invest in the necessary infrastructure needed for mitigating competition which led to difficult living conditions for the poor of the non- border areas. All this is expected to increase the tension between two lands Future aspects of NAFTA The deal stays as a target of politics. During 2008, Barack Obama gave a response to the broad trade disbelief on the basis of democracy by ensuring to re-negotiate to comprise strong standard environmental and legal aspects. The problem reappeared in the campaign held in 2016; with Senator Bernie Sanders as well as Donald Trump condemned the impact of losing jobs. Since May 2017, Donald organized better campaigning promising to re-negotiate NAFTA, legally notified Congress that negotiations would be reformed with Mexico and Canada. As the details of negotiations are categorized, the administration of president Trump has stated that it will give consideration on lowering the trade deficit of United States-Mexico, narrowing the requirements of rules, restructuring the dispute resolution system, and upgrading the fact to comprise intellectual property and new digital and online services. As the talks are continued, Trump hasto repeat his danger to remove the United States on the whole. In the midst of the experts of policy, most of the debate has given focal point regarding the mitigation of negative aspects of agreements such as , if by paying compensation to workers who have lost their jobs or offering workers programs of retention to assist them evolution to new industries. Particularly, the expansion of federal TAA which stands for Trade Adjustment Assistance, which will further assist workforce to invest in education and training programs to search for new jobs, can assist control anger engaged in the liberalization of trading. Most of the economists claimed that its present levels of funding are insufficient to deal with the boost the trade-regarding losing the jobs. The presence of these pockets emphasizes our failure of policy in assisting regional and community to adjust from the influence of globalization. Several experts argued for deep incorporation of North America, particularly in locations like border protection, energy and migration reforms. Ultimately, Obama gave stretch to U.S.-ledTPPalong with 11 countries, inclusive of Mexico and Canada. Further, the agreement was signed and approved in in February 2016. However, president Donal Triumph refused the terms of TPP besides reopening NAFTA; the new management is organized in order to up end decades of bipartisan consensus regarding the efficient effort for exploring the multilateral trade relationships the United States. References Books and journals Aggarwal, Vinod, and Shujiro Urata, eds.Bilateral trade agreements in the Asia-Pacific: Origins, evolution, and implications. Routledge, 2013. Anderson, James E., and Yoto V. Yotov. "Terms of trade and global efficiency effects of free trade agreements, 19902002."Journal of International Economics99 (2016): 279-298. Bove, Vincenzo, Leandro Elia, and Petros G. Sekeris. "US security strategy and the gains from bilateral trade."Review of International Economics22.5 (2014): 863-885. Bureau, Jean-Christophe, Houssein Guimbard, and Sbastien Jean. "Competing Liberalizations: Tariffs and Trade in the 21st Century." (2016). Caliendo, Lorenzo, and Fernando Parro. "Estimates of the Trade and Welfare Effects of NAFTA."The Review of Economic Studies82.1 (2015): 1-44. Caliendo, Lorenzo, and Fernando Parro. "Estimates of the Trade and Welfare Effects of NAFTA."The Review of Economic Studies82.1 (2015): 1-44. Cooper, William H. "Free trade agreements: Impact on US trade and implications for US trade policy."Current Politics and Economics of the United States, Canada and Mexico16.3 (2014): 425. Deardorff, Alan V.Terms of trade: glossary of international economics. World Scientific, 2014. Elana H. Trump wants to renegotiate NAFTA. available Through https://www.businessinsider.in/Trump-wants-to-renegotiate- /articleshow/56986397.cms. (2017). Gantz, David A. "Introduction To US Free Trade Agreements."British Journal of American Legal Studies5.2 (2016): 299-314. Koch, M. K.Trump-Trade in Historical Perspective Three Lessons from the History of US Trade Policy. MS thesis. 2017. Kohl, Tristan. "The WTOs effect on trade: What you give is what you get."Globalization. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2017. 459-493. Komar, Nataliya, Alla Uniiat, and Ruslana Lutsiv. "Efficiency of the North American Free Trade Zone."Journal of european economy15,? 3 (2016): 279-293. Lester, Simon, Bryan Mercurio, and Lorand Bartels, eds.Bilateral and regional trade agreements: Commentary and analysis. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press, 2016. Lim, Sijeong, Layna Mosley, and Aseem Prakash. "Revenue substitution? how foreign aid inflows moderate the effect of bilateral trade pressures on labor rights."World Development67 (2015): 295-309. Limo, Nuno. "Preferential trade agreements."Handbook of Commercial Policy1 (2016): 279-367. Mansfield, Edward D., and Helen V. Milner. "The domestic politics of preferential trade agreements in hard times."World Trade Review(2017): 1-33. Mansfield, Edward D., Diana C. Mutz, and Devon Brackbill. "Effects of the Great Recession on American Attitudes Toward Trade."British Journal of Political Science(2016): 1-22. Moser, Christoph, and Andrew K. Rose. "Who benefits from regional trade agreements? The view from the stock market."European Economic Review68 (2014): 31-47. Nevitte, Neil.The North American Trajectory: Cultural, Economic, and Political Ties among the United States, Canada and Mexico. Routledge, 2017. Picciotto, Sol, and Ruth Mayne, eds.Regulating international business: beyond liberalization. Springer, 2016. Reyes, Javier, Rossitza Wooster, and Stuart Shirrell. "Regional trade agreements and the pattern of trade: A networks approach."The World Economy37.8 (2014): 1128-1151. Rugman, Alan M., and Alain Verbeke.Global corporate strategy and trade policy. Vol. 12. Routledge, 2017. Sundaram, Jomo Kwame. "Free Trade Agreements, Trade Policy and Multilateralism."Development59.1-2 (2016): 40-47. Villareal, M., and Ian F. Fergusson. "NAFTA at 20: Overview and trade effects." (2014). Villareal, M., and Ian F. Fergusson. "The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)." (2017)

The Miners Burger free essay sample

Have you ever seen something so amazing you had to eat it, all of it? Have you done that right before a road trip with no rest stops around? I made a similar mistake when I was visiting my aunt and uncle in Yakima. No one should ever eat a large meal right before a long car ride with no stops to avoid stomach pain, nausea, and the feeling of being trapped with no end in site. Don’t do this especially if what you are eating is a five pound burger. As we were driving down the highway at the start of our three hour journey home I started experiencing shooting pains in my stomach. â€Å"Why did I do that? It was so stupid,† I said as I thought back to what had occurred in the last 48 hours. It was the summer of 2015, my family and I had driven up to Yakima, WA from Camas, WA. We will write a custom essay sample on The Miners Burger or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It was the grand opening of my uncle Shawn’s new church, Dad?s House. It took about three hours to get up there, but we finally made it. We arrived the night before and checked into our hotel. The hotel had a huge lobby with with tall vaulted ceilings.The next morning, I got up early, took a shower, and ate the hotel’s continental breakfast. The day was going just as planed. My uncle Shawn had arrived to pick me and my Sister Jessica up for worship practice. Jessica had curly brown hair and red glasses. Jessica was on piano, Shawn on acoustic guitar, and I was playing the cajon box drum. My uncle has red hair, glasses, and a scraggly beard. â€Å"You guys ready,† he asked as he pulled up to the front of the hotel where Jessica and I were waiting. â€Å"Yup,† I replied. We proceeded to get in the car and talk about how we’ve been since the last time we saw him. The church is located in a 360 degree theater room, with the stage in the middle and the chairs fully surrounding it. After we set up the sound equipment and practiced our song list, Shawn’s wife and six month old son arrived. Tenielle was short with long black curly hair and and her son Asher was the cutest little baby with not much hair and long arms.I had only seen Asher a couple of time since he was born in December so I immediately ran over to say hello. â€Å"Asher! what’s up buddy.† â€Å"Hey man,† my aunt Tenielle said as she side hugs me holding Asher in her other arm. I proceed to great several people I haven’t seen in a long time as they walk in one after the other. Because the church takes place in a theater arts studio the front room is decorated in props and pictures. In the corner of the room is a knight in shining armour and a bright pink tootoo. My friend Ben and I were making fun of it and named it Fred. This became an inside joke that was brought up throughout the day. In the back there was a dance studio with a couch in it. There was still some time before the service started so Ben, my brothers, and I hung out until it was time to start. Ben was tall for the age of 15 and had short brown hair that was spiked in the front It was almost time for worship to start and I started to feel uneasy. Even though I play drums monthly, I still got nervous playing in front of a new group of people. Despite my nerves, worship went great. My uncles sermon was awesome too. After church we had an Ice cream party to celebrate the grand opening of the church. There was so much ice cream that everyone brought that we ended up handing out boxes as guests left. There was everything from ice cream sandwiches and drumsticks to popsicles. You probably think this is why I felt like I was going to die in the car, but the worst was yet to come. Next, following the party we decided to go to Miners a small burgers joint just around the corner. The list of people who went was long and included my aunt and uncle, my nana and grandpa Jim, Ben, and my whole family. Miners had been around for several years and was known for their giant burgers. I had already eaten lots of ice cream and wasn’t sure if I could handle that kind of a berger. When it was my turn to order I made a horrible decision to not only get the Miners Burger, but to get fries and a drink too. When The burger arrived it was even bigger than I remembered. I was excited and scared all at the same time, but I wasn’t about to step down from a challenge. Imagine if George Lopezs Head was on a plate with fries and a drink and that wouldn’t be half the size of this burger. â€Å"Oh boy,† I said. â€Å"I know right,† Ben replays looking at his own Miners Burger that awaits him. â€Å"I’ll be surprised if I don’t end up with diabetes.† â€Å"What did we do Ben. Wait there was curly fries! Dang!† Ben and I both start laughing. We weren’t even halfway through when I started to worry. I hadn’t even touched my fries yet. I don’t know if I should go on eating I thought. â€Å"I don’t know if I can handle anymore,† Ben stated. â€Å"I was just thinking the same thing.† But I did. I finished the whole burger, but couldn’t fit anymore fries on top. By this time I was feeling worse by the the minuet. It was getting late and we still had the drive home so we said our goodbyes. â€Å"See ya later Ben.† â€Å"I can’t believe you ate that entire burger! I’m saving mine for later.† â€Å"I know. I’m already starting to regret it.† â€Å"Ok see ya later man† As we were packing everyone in the car I knew the ride home was not going to be pleasant. â€Å"you guys want to stop and get snacks for the ride home,† my dad ask with the same red hair his brother has. â€Å"No! I mean no thank you. I’m not feeling too hot.† â€Å"You shouldn’t have eaten that giant burger.† â€Å"I know,† I said feeling the pain rise up inside me. Oh Man. About half an hour later the pain is unbearable. â€Å"Dad, can we stop at a restroom.† â€Å"You shouldve asked me about 20 minutes ago. We’re in the middle of nowhere now. Sorry bud.† Why did I do That. It was so stupid. Because of my horrible experience I highly suggest never eating anything if decent size right before a long car trip. When I was stupid enough to try eating a mega burger before my long road trip home, I definitely paid the price. Please avoid any of the mistakes leading up to one of the worst road trips of my life. No matter how amazing the idea sounds at the time it is never worth it. Please heed my advice and stay away from large meals before large car trips.

Paragraph Length 5 Essential Tips - Writing Tips with Proofed

Paragraph Length 5 Essential Tips - Writing Tips with Proofed Paragraph Length: 5 Essential Tips Paragraph length is important. Too many long paragraphs in a document may make it difficult to read. Too many short paragraphs and it could seem disjointed. But how long should a good paragraph be? 1. Paragraph Length Depends on Document Type If you look online, you’ll find advice saying that paragraphs should be between 100 and 200 words long. And as a guideline on paragraph length, this is fine for most documents. However, paragraph length also depends on the type of writing. Some paragraphs may be a single sentence. Some may spread across more than one page. In this blog post, for example, most of the paragraphs are under 100 words because shorter paragraphs are easy to read on screen. But the paragraphs in an academic textbook would be longer to offer more depth. As such, you should tailor your paragraphs to suit the document and the subject matter. But to do this, you need to consider why we use paragraphs in the first place†¦ 2. The Purpose of a Paragraph Paragraphs help us organize the information in a document. Consequently, each paragraph should cover one main idea. Try thinking about a paragraph like a tiny essay: Start with a topic sentence to set out what the paragraph is about Use the main body of the paragraph to expand upon this idea End with a concluding sentence that leads on to the next paragraph If you find yourself covering multiple ideas in a single paragraph, especially if there’s no direct connection between them, consider separating them into distinct passages instead. 3. Consistency vs. Mixing It Up Most of the paragraphs in a document should be a roughly similar length. If you find that they vary a lot, it may be sign that some ideas in your document are underdeveloped and need expanding. However, in longer documents it is a good idea to mix things up a bit, especially if you have a lot of long paragraphs. One way to do this is to bookend each section with short introductory and concluding paragraphs, setting out and then summarizing what you’ve discussed. 4. Editing Long Paragraphs While editing your work, you may want to break longer paragraphs down into shorter ones. Look for a point where the focus changes, even if only slightly (e.g., shifting from introducing an idea to giving an in-depth example). You can then add a line break and, if necessary, a linking sentence. 5. Editing Short Paragraphs If your document contains too many short paragraphs, particularly in succession, you can look for passages that cover similar topics and combine them into a single longer paragraph. This may simply involve deleting a line break, but you might also have to consider the overall structure of your document. If you have several short paragraphs touching on the same topic in different places, think about whether they should all be part of one section instead.

Feminine Mystique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Feminine Mystique - Essay Example These changes were an enormous development over their earlier chatteldom, and were a facilitator to additional advances to complete human figure and dignity. WW2 and its outcomes enhanced a comprehensive setback, brought about by the author as a counter change not in favor of women (Friedan 56). The gone astray women were the self-governing ones fascinated in science and politics and occupied in careers away from the relatives’ sphere. In the position of bright, inspired, public-spirited women came the innovative representation of the â€Å"feminine† woman — the stupid homemaker comfortable inside the â€Å"cozy† surroundings of a beautiful home. Since the Mystique gained energy, domesticity turned into a religion, a model by which every woman ought to exist at the present or denies her feminist. Something that began as a trail back to the aged corral became a charge during the success of the 1950s. To activate women in the wake of their own crush, particulars about the lead the way advocators for women’s rights were indistinct. Although a good number of the feminist crusaders had husbands, kids and homes, they were depicted as resentful sex hungry unmarried women not sufficiently proficient in satisfying their femaleness as wives and mothers (Friedan 70). In the midst of the inexcusable personality of these determined women was their satisfaction of involvement in the move violently for social transformation. A successful propaganda piece of equipment was positioned into action to pay tribute to housewifery and smother women’s needs for something further than a husband, residence and kids. Starting with the sex-influenced educators in the education centers and higher schooling institution, this movement has gone into each opportunity of mass programming (Friedan 90). The major expression in this method of thought management as efficient as a blackjack

Effects of the First Opium War on Foreign Relationship in Qing Dynasty Essay

Effects of the First Opium War on Foreign Relationship in Qing Dynasty China - Essay Example The paper tells that before the first opium war, China had thrived economically and was looking forward to an even better future. China was isolationist in nature and did not trade with foreign countries. This nature of China therefore could not to fulfill England’s desire of trade with them. However, England looked for trade goods that would appeal to the Chinese, and so started exporting opium to China. However, China got into a conflict with England over opium trade, as they wished England to stop opium exportation to China due to its negative influence opium had in China. The British did not comply and this led to the first opium war between China and Britain. The first opium war had negative effect on Anglo-Chinese relationship in regard to the treaties signed afterwards, which favored the British and not the Chinese, and led to seceding of China’s Hong Kong island to the United Kingdom, hence leaving the Qing Dynasty in disgrace. As Melancon notes, this first opiu m war was responsible for the changes in Anglo-Chinese relationship experienced after the war and even today. The British benefited more from this war, as opposed to the Chinese. England had thought that opium was the most appropriate tool for balancing the trade deficit between them and China. The authorities in China later objected to opium trade, but this did not stop England. The main event which aggravated the first opium war was when in 1839, Lin Zexu, the Canton governor, destroyed opium amounting to 20,283 chests after forcing the British merchants to forfeit it, at Canton port. Later, British sailors murdered a Chinese citizen, hence building up tension between these two countries. The Queen then commanded British troops to take over Hong Kong. The first confrontation between the Chinese and British troops happened while the Chinese tried to prevent the British form entering Hong Kong. The British troops conquered the Chinese, killing many of them, and took over Shanghai, G uangdong, Chinese forts, as well as parts of the Canton city. This forced the Qing Dynasty to surrender to the British and the end of this war was concluded by signing the Treaty of Nanjing in 1842 (Perdue 29). By signing the treaty of Nanjing, the Chinese lost many rights of their sovereign state. In this treaty, the British were accorded five Chinese port cities, including all the trading rights. This led to the end of the Imperial monopolization of all foreign trade. The opening of foreign ships and the ports of Amoy, Canton, Fuzhou, Shanghai, and Ningbo opened China to foreign trade, thus ending their isolationist principles. In this treaty, China was also forced to hand over the Island of Hong Kong to the British for on a 99 years lease, which ended in 1997. This treaty also made china pay the British for the losses incurred during the war. China paid 6 million for the opium they destroyed, 12 million to cater for the cost of the war, and 3 million to the British merchants to c over the debts they owed them. All this amounted to 21 million, payable to the British in silver. This weakened China’s economy, considering the losses they had already suffered during the war (Carroll 9). One of the conditions in the Nanjing Treaty was that the laws of their countries and not the laws of China would rule the foreigners in China. This was exploitative to China and denied use of its rule of law over all the inhabitants in the country. The Nanjing treaty therefore left the Chinese helpless and overruled by the British and other foreigners. This treaty robbed the Chinese of their independence and eventually led to the downfall of the Qing dynasty. China was now dominated by foreign states, and this destroyed the legitimate rule of a central government in China. For instance, even after the war, opium was still considered illegal by the Chinese authorities, however, the British continued with this trade in China, yet China could take no action to

The Sinking Economy Of Japan

The Sinking Economy Of Japan The country which almost ruled the world in economy for decades even being one of the tiniest countries of the world setting an example of perfection in most of sectors is presently suffering from some drastic challenges which have mesmerized the people across Japan as its economy is sinking and national debt is touching sky. The revolutions of growth which started right from the 1868 in the Meiji Period rarely witnessed great slumps till 1990s. Adaptation of free market economy and North American type of free enterprise capitalism took Japan to such great heights from where it never looked to topple down, but alas the growth slowed markedly in the 1990s (i.e. during the Lost Decade), substantively because of the after effects of Japanese asset price bubble and somewhat deliberative domestic policies which caused to extract speculative excesses from the stock and real estate markets. In the present decade, less stable governments although left no stone unturned to revitalize the gian t economy but were thrashed down by global economic crisis of 2008. In 2010, Japan could do nothing but see its position being acquired by another economy giant China as Japan was ranked 3rd as per economic size in terms of GDP  [1]  based on data from the International Monetary Fund. Besides economy, there are several other sectors which are facing jittery crisis. In this essay Im going to discuss these problems illustratively. Challenges before Japan in a Nutshell: 1) Economic Outlook: * Japans Export Competiveness: Japans blazing economic growth of 1980s was thrashed by the 1990s stock market crash followed by a recession of almost 10 years. Countrys economy revived again but the global economic crisis of 2008 debilitated the economic growth and consequently, Japans ability to produce and export a wide variety of goods is getting constrained resulting in lesser demand in countries across the globe in contemporary times. Since the start of the present decade the contraction in export is almost entirely due to a steep fall in external demand, the reasons may be a shift in global demand structure, arrival of global recession in Japan relatively late with greater severity, impact of yen appreciation etc. The now fragile economic recovery of Japan is running out of stream because of the slow growth in key export markets. As a result private consumption also didnt take off for the simple reason because Japan heavily depends upon exports. It seems that Japanese economy is governed by short term policy making. Appreciation in the value of yen is debilitating Japans competitive power in global arena. So, responsibility is heavy on the government Bank of Japan to take effective decisive action against currency moves. The comparison visible below tells the story: * Decrease in manufacturing: Manufacturing industries make a substantial part of Japans secondary sector with employing almost 28% workforce of Japan. But, due to current sluggishness of economic growth, Japans rank in manufacturing is grasped by china as it toppled to 3rd position and the graph below suggests that USA manufactures almost twice as China, double what Japan makes  [2]  : Developed markets like that of Japan and Euro zone are struggling with stalled recoveries, as in the fourth quarter annualized GDP in 2009 was a mere 0.9% in Japan and 0.1% in Euro Zone. While much stronger rates of economic growth are visible among some fastest growing economies of China, Brazil India. Deflationary conditions are still persisting in Japan. In December, 2009 the overall Consumer Price Index (food items energy sectors not included) stopped at 1.2% which was below than that of December, 2008  [3]  . This happened to be the largest such decline for CPI in history of Japanese economy. The danger inherent in deflationary conditions is that consumers tend to defer purchases as they wait for prices to fall even further. Consumer prices are influenced through changes in governmental policies, so government should make efforts to control deflation. In April-June quarter, the GDP deflator which is considered as the broadest measure of public trends was -1.8% showing a mild improvement from the -2.8% in previous quarter  [4]  and is also suggestive of the fact that how deeply entrenched deflation Japan is experiencing. In order to achieve fiscal reforms, it is a prerequisite to get deflation at 0%. Now lets examine what happens when people start expecting inflation: Since the Global Economic Depression of summer 2008, Japanese companies could not help seeing a steep drop in domestic overseas demand which provoked companies to make adjustments in production to reduce their inventories. It resulted into fast downfall in production mostly in machinery, digital automobiles industry. In 2009, real GDP contracted at an annualized figure of -11.9% in Jan-March, the second straight quarter of double-digit negative growth following a -10.2% fall in Oct-Dec  [5]  . Even in 2010 no great recovery could be registered in economy of Japan as between April and June this year GDP grew by 0.1%, much lower than expected  [6]  . The fatal impact of the global economic recession on world economy caused recurring profits to fall sharply (which were at boom in 1990s) along with mitigation of sales in Japan overseas. The housing market of Japan has not witnessed any positive growth signs since the revision of the Japans Building Code in 2007. Even in 2010 when the effects of the revision of the Building Code have extinguished, housing sales could not notice recovery signs. The reasons may be attributed to the expectation of further fall in housing prices and stagnation of labor industry to create employment environment. Due to the factors above mentioned allied with others, in August, 2010 China replaced Japan as the worlds second biggest economy after overtaking Germany as the largest exporter with a nominal GDP region of $1.337 trillion compared to Japans $ 1.228 trillion  [7]  . To deal with such economic challenges, I think, Japan should first slash expenditures and then increase tax burden as minimum. It is advisable that there should be more focus on spending cuts than focusing on tax increase. The aim of fiscal reform should be equalizing the primary balance i.e. creation of such environment in which current expenditures is financed by current revenues to protect the financial position from further deterioration. * Banking Policies in Japan: challenges and prospects- Japan began the decade of 1990s with a heavily regulated financial system controlled by a resolute undeterred Ministry of Finance (MoF) and ended the decade with great market reforms, a complete restructuring of the financial institutions which were regulatory in nature and providing greater independent to the Bank of Japan amid collapse of asset prices, a looming bank crisis, worsening unemployment the lowest interest rates in industrial world. In the aftermath of the bursting of Japanese asset price bubble which choked the banking system, most of the Japanese banks unveiled unconventional monetary policy measures to cater to the challenges posed by monetary crisis created by aforementioned asset price bubble of 1990s. But had the Bank of Japan cut its policy rate to a great extent immediately after the bursting of the asset price bubble, deflation would have been avoided. The unpractical recommendations made to bank of Japan like all that the bank of Japan needs to do is to set a high inflation rate target and purchase all types of assets including physical assets to achieve the target the central bank should credibly promise to be irresponsible did not help in any way. Although Japan began the decade of 1990s with a heavily regulated financial system controlled by a resolute undeterred Ministry of Finance (MoF) and ended the decade with great market reforms, a complete restructuring of the financial institutions which were regulatory in nature and providing greater independent to the Bank of Japan amid collapse of asset prices, a looming bank crisis, worsening unemployment the lowest interest rates in industrial world. What is the problem and where does the devil lie who has pestered Japanese economy so far; lets examine  [8]  : The decrease in the risk taking capacity of many economic entities which resulted in drastic reduction in effectiveness of conventional monetary policies and in such monetarily pathetic atmosphere, the overnight interest dropped down to zero, limiting the room for additional easing through conventional monetary policy formulae. In the context of Japan, the overnight interest fell to 0.5% five years after the real estate prices peaked in 1990. It took time to recapitalize the banking system. Uncertainty regarding the transmission mechanism of monetary policy is bigger than that of normal times. When the central banks try to create fruitful policy measures in the constrained atmosphere for effectiveness of traditional monetary policies, they are obviously introduced to the vicious area of fiscal policy. Consequently, policymakers are in fear of being accountable to for such policy actions in the Japanese democratic environment. What should Banks do? Maintain the stability of financial markets and the financial system. Inject the capital into the banking system together with the provision of liquidity in order to kill the pressure on the financial intermediation process. Banks may take measures to take on individual credit risk such as corporate debt when there is a major risk that credit market functions shall become worse and consequently, the feebleness of financial conditions is capable of causing loss to the economy of Japan. Communication with the market is very important in order to effectively conduct monetary policy as the effectiveness of unconventional policy is always uncertain and through communication with the market Banks are able to show their commitment to the stability of financial market and financial system. 2) Piracy: a threat to be crumpled down- Japanese industries are facing problems in achieving value creation through the utilization of Intellectual assets due to raising graph of counterfeit, fake pirated products. These issues have rattled the Japanese governments cage to force government to take strict and specific measures to combat as it is opening its first overseas army base in Djibouti to counter rising piracy in the region  [9]  . But neglecting non-cooperative attitude of some countries is posing problems to crush the evil of piracy. 5) Japan Haunting Indebtedness: Economy of Japan got mired in the worst recession since WWII and got edged into deflation. In the 90s Japan was worlds top creditor nation whilst now it ranks 1th among worlds largest debtor nations  [10]  (vide the graph below). Taro Asos government planned 27 trillion yen (almost $282 billion) in stimulus spending since the great recession of 2008 began to worsen the financial system of Japan  [11]  . But stimulus efforts from past economic problems have heaped a mountain of public debt in the region of around 189% of GDP which is highest in developed nations which consequently debilitated Japans capacity to spend its way out of the recession. The great indebtedness of Japan is worrisome because once a government incurs significant incremental debt it results in a political impossibility to go back to the levels of indebtedness it had earlier. The debt levels become almost eternal and even if a practical government runs a surplus, there is a dim hope that ruling politicians would utilize much of that surplus to pay the debt. In order to absolve itself from raising heap of debt, Japanese government should make efforts to attract buyers to the nations increasing debt. Bank of Japan should adopt measures to buy corporate debt and enhance the buying of government bonds to keep funding problems at bay which would have resulted in further derailing of economy of Japan. Despite a debt-to-GDP ratio  [12]  as 189.30% as shown below, the Bank of Japan never seemed to lose ability to set the key overnight interest rate, which remained below 1% for about a decade and the debt didnt drive long term rates higher either. Low taxes: Although getting a horrible increase in government debt, taxes in Japan are relatively low among the countries of Developed world. Japan is the country with the lowest government revenue-to-GDP ratio (31%) and currently the second- highest government net debt- to- GDP ratio (78%), even then its 33% marginal tax rate on average income workers is one of the lowest in developed countries  [13]  . A comparison is shown below: 11) Governance and the Political System: (i) The factor that weakens the power and functioning of cabinet in Japan is the dual power structure of ruling party and cabinet. In a successful cabinet system, cabinet executes the policies of the ruling party as power within a ruling party is focused in the cabinet and the ministers who form the cabinet are the partys prime movers and rest members of the ruling party generally dont defy the polices of cabinet. But it is on earth in Japan that members of the last ruling Liberal Democratic Party (before 2009 elections) who did not become part of cabinet acquired more power than the cabinet and subsequently, many policy decisions were framed through repeated contact, behind the scenes, negotiations arm twisting among top politicians of ruling LDP. It also included disregard of cabinet by tribal lawmakers with close ties to specific political lobbies and powerful bureaucrats. Thus, the decision making power of the cabinet in Japan was totally hampered. The LDP also had its own polic y consideration section called the Policy Affairs Research Council which would examine the Bills and similar policy proposals put forward by the cabinet. Further, government bills cleared by the Policy research council were then approved by the partys General Council before submitting to Diet. This took form of a Prior Screening Sanctioning, a system alien to most of great democracies across the globe. The government Bills would also got modified or vastly changed in this prior screening process and this system reinforced the impression that any proposal approved by the ruling party would be approved by the Diet, reducing the role of the Diet as a mere rubberstamp. The LDPs powerful policy tribes (zoku  [14]  ) had steadily emerged as a shadow government. Thus, Policy Affairs Research Council zoku deliberated in major policy decisions, leaving Diet Committees to fight over politics rather than the substance of the legislation. While all the major political parties have a similar structure including the present ruling Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ), Japan is forced to possess a weak cabinet, bureaucrats-led-politics, non-transparent decision making process in high political institutions. But the issues aforesaid are not fundamental institutional issues and there is a scope to deal with these issues to overhaul the conflicting political interests within the parties. (ii) The ministerial coordination and cabinet leadership in Japan has taken a backseat contrary to the spirit of an actual democratic setup. Ministers have become just the figureheads who simply acquire a position on top to promote the existing policies without innovating distinct policies and give priority to bureaucratic advice which makes it difficult for government to give effect to drastic policy shifts to changing social, economic political circumstances. (iii) In 2010, Japan is ranked 24th for democracy, after all developed countries but Italy, Greece Singapore. Astonishingly, it is placed behind even three developing countries: Uruguay, Costa Rica and Chile. These figures present the picture of democracy in Japan. 12) Straining Foreign Relations: Japan needs to address the challenge of Chinas rising regional clout, while keeping ties with this giant which is Japans biggest trading partner on an even keel. Although Sino-Japanese relations have seen positive improvement in recent decades but territorial and maritime disputes still simmer coupled with growing mistrust over military hegemony like China and Japan dispute the ownership of a string of five small uninhabited islands in the East China Sea near the place known as Senkaku in Japan and Diaoyu in China- which are believed to hold seabed oil deposits. There also exist tensions with USA on various issues including the issue to move the U.S. Marine air Station Futenma off the island of Okinawa as Okinawans have long complained about the noise and intrusion of the base and rape of a 12 year old local in 1995 and the charge that a US Marine sexually abused a young Japanese girl in early 2008 renewed public outcry against the bases thus resulting into increased tensions between the residents of Okinawa and marines. Japan and USA are military allies under treaty concluded in 1951 and revised in 1960  [15]  . But the ruling party DPJs past criticism of the bilateral security arrangement may further complicate alliance management issues such as the planned realignment of US forward deployed forces in Japan and the Host Nation Support (HNS) that Japan provides to help defray costs associated with the stationing of US bases across the Japanese archipelago. Besides this, political shifts turmoil in Japan since 2006 appear to have slowed down some of the increased cooperation in the US-Japan alliance. 13) Dullness in Employment Sector: Japans labor market witnessed a recessionary financial system in recent decade with a difficult employment environment. In such a turbulent time, the conservative concepts of employment in Japan are in question and unconventional ideas concepts are emerging throughout the companies of Japan. Ideas such as lifetime employment and seniority based payment are being revised and being replaced with new innovative as well as creative ideas in the process of revitalizing the financial system. Various techniques are entering into Japanese labor system in form of work-sharing, overseas jobs, and part time employment to provide opportunity to people who are unemployed or not considering employment to enter the workforce and contribute to economic development. Solution: (i) According to a report of the Japan Institute for Labor Policy and Training (JIL)  [16]  released on work sharing in Japan, it is generally believed that when a country is in recession, the number of part-time and non-regular workers tends to decrease in order to lower costs and maintain the number of regular workers. But, in context of Japan this lacks reality as number of part-time workers has increased while the number of full time regular workers has decreased. In Japan, work-sharing has been utilized to combat the rising number of part-time workers and has been a highly controversial topic among the employer class. JILs report outlines three types of working sharing: Employment Maintenance Job Creation Diversified working Patterns Employment maintenance work-sharing mainly targets midlevel employees, allowing them to reduce their work hours and share these hours among themselves, thus, this facilitates employees to stay employed with their wages adjusted for the hours they work. Job creation work-sharing intends to cut down hours of work at the national company levels aiming at increasing the overall number of jobs. Diversified work-sharing allows employees to pin-point their hours of work in order to allow persons previously unemployed to enter the labor sector. The working patterns mentioned above are useful in many ways. For example, Sanyo Electric Co., Ltd. announced in Jan, 2003 that they going to introduce work sharing program in one of their factories and over 200 hundred employees were involved in the program which required workers to take three more days of vacation per month and reduce their basic pay y 12%. As per companys estimate, it could save almost 100 million yen and was successful in retaining its employees  [17]  . So, more emphasis should be laid down to implement these patterns to save the sinking Japanese employment sector. (ii) Working abroad either for foreign or Japanese companies may prove an excellent cure to rapidly diminishing job market tighter job vacancies in Japan. Besides, the opportunities stored in the West, there is also great scope in growing economic markets of Asia like China, India, Thailand etc. (iii) Non-regular jobs: The global recession and tattered economy of Japan has forced many companies to severely restrict the number of new graduate recruits so that they can retain their mid-level and senior employees. Thus, surging demand for employment can be checked through establishing job placement offices for part-time offices and distributing incentives in form of subsidies. In 2009, the number young workers with non-regular jobs surged to 1.78 million  [18]  . So, there is a need to frame new policies to assist the young part-timers in gaining full time regular employment. Demographic Challenges: Japans demographic problems seem to end nowhere as the combination of low birth rate, strict immigration practices, and a rapidly aging population are haunting the think tanks of Japan. Japanese women are avoiding marriage child-bearing to meet the difficulties of career and family. The countrys birthrate has fallen to 1.25 which is below the necessary rate i.e. 2.1 to sustain a population size  [19]  . The countrys current population is roundabout 128 million which may fall to about 100 million till 2050  [20]  . So, Japan is on the verge of full-fledged population decline. As per estimates of government of Japan, the nations total fertility rate will continue to fall and that even in 2055, it may only recover to the 2005 levels at the most. In developed countries, it s found that there is a mild tendency for birthrates to rise when female employment is bigger. But, Japan is low in the ranking of both the fertility rate and the female employment rate. Hence it is suggestive of the fact that if more women were to join labor force, birthrates would grow high. However such deduction lacks practicality due to a host of reasons. Another factor responsible for low birth rates is that in Japan the percentage of children born before marriage is also low in comparison to countries like UK, France Sweden where birthrates have recovered. As per my opinion, to improve birth rates, Japan government should hike the allowance for children, increase the allowance for childbirth, provide medical-care subsidies, enhance augment child care centers and give education assistance to support the marries ones as it is quite expensive in Japan to nurture the children. Japan is also suffering from the tag of being the oldest country in the world with a high elderly share of 20% and it will further rise up to 30% in till 2025 and 40% till 2050  [21]  . Another vital fact is that Japans workable population is shrinking which may result in a sharp economic decline. However, 29% of men aged 65 and over remain in labor force which is quite commendable than 20% of USA, 5% of Germany 2% of Japan. To meet the challenges of aging population, the government must ensure that support systems for elderly are not only sustainable but also adequate; government should strengthen the private employer pension system by requiring that all benefit promises including severance pay must be fully funded.